Located on the southern bank of the Red River, 35 km from Hanoi, Dong Ho folk painting village in Bac Ninh province is the cradle of wood carving and poonah paper paintings. Dong Ho folk paintings are famous both inside and outside Vietnam.
Dong Ho village, also known as Mai village, is very small with no more than 200 households. Their main income comes from painting. Dong Ho paintings are lively description of the beauty of the countryside and traditional customs and festivals.
80-year-old artisan Nguyen Huu Sam displays thousands of paintings and woodblocks, which are some hundreds years old, in his house. Sam has also set up a corner to introduce the process of making folk paintings from drying papers to the woodcut print technique. Sam said: “Previously, during Tet, Vietnamese people often decorated their houses with Dong Ho paintings to make the Tet atmosphere warmer”.
Dong Ho paintings are printed on Do or poonah paper, which is made from powder of Do trees. The papers are then coated with a layer of paste or pine resin mixed with shells to create a bright and slightly glittering background. 60-year-old Nguyen Thi Oanh has made folk paintings for nearly 50 years. Oanh said five main colours are used in the paintings: black, green, indigo, red and yellow. The colours are made of natural materials so they are very strong and lively. Ms Oanh said: “Red is created by powder of ochre or bricks, black is made from a powder mixture of ash of bamboo leaves or straw and paste, yellow is taken from flowers, and green from soft trees. All the colors are as natural as the natural colors of flowers and trees.”
Dong Ho folk paintings feature 180 topics in 5 categories: worshipping, history, blessings, daily use and story telling. Topics of the paintings include people’s daily activities and production. They portray legendary characters, landscapes, and activities that imply wishes for happiness, wealth, bumper crops and effective husbandry. Mr. Sam again: “Dong Ho paintings celebrate daily activities such as husbandry and wish for prosperity and success”.
The paintings are created on woodblocks, and the techniques require highly-skilled artists. Woodblocks are used to create the main outline of the picture and the number of woodblocks used is equal to the number of colours in the picture. To produce a picture, layers of colours are printed without overlap in a precise order (red, green, yellow, white and lastly the black lines) so one picture needs several woodblocks each for printing the different colours. The designs on the blocks have to match each other in order to create a good picture so only experienced artists are in charge of engraving the designs. That’s why, woodblocks are preserved as valuable assets by local artists. Ms Oanh again: “Woodblocks are made from decandrous persimmon trees, which are very durable and worm resistant. We have a number of ancient woodblocks. Before 1945, everyone in Dong Ho made paintings but after 1945, some changed to other jobs because the trade was not profitable. So, villagers donated their woodblocks to the Dong Ho Painting cooperatives. My father kept some of the woodblocks. We have now made about 60 kinds of ancient paintings and 60 kinds of contemporary paintings”.
Nowadays, the Dong Ho pictures have inspired modern Vietnamese artists. They also provide valuable insight into Vietnamese folk art. Dong Ho folk paintings have become a specialty of the Kinh Bac region. Bac Ninh province is filing a dossier to nominate Dong Ho folk paintings as a world cultural heritage recognized by UNESCO.
